A healthy environment(al law): Health Integration in Dutch Spatial Planning under the Omgevingswet

Abstract

This study investigates how the concept of health is integrated into Dutch spatial planning, with a particular focus on the associated legal framework of the Environmental and Planning Act (Omgevingswet). It begins by examining the reciprocal relationship between spatial planning and health, the definition and internal dynamics of the multidimensional concept of ‘complete health’, and potential for effectively embedding this concept within governance structures. Building on these foundations, the study employs a multidimensional framework to assess the extent to which health is integrated within the Omgevingswet. Although the Omgevingswet holds potential for effectively integrating health into spatial planning, numerous areas for improvement remain prominent. Within each dimension, various enhancements can be identified, which this study has sought to articulate. The absence of a clear definition of health within the legislation—let alone a specified focus on ‘complete health’—has implications across the other dimensions. Ambiguity regarding how to engage with the concept, limited top-down guidance, and a lack of resources to initiate local efforts all contribute to the challenge. Additionally, fragmented knowledge that continues to seek a clear understanding of the concept, emerging partnerships that require greater alignment to truly realize their potential, and the inconsistent application and limited effectiveness of health appraisal collectively hinder the optimal integration of health into Dutch spatial planning. This study aimed to identify how health is integrated within Dutch spatial planning, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, with the goal of contributing to improvements that promote healthier living environments and futures.