Redefining Fatherhood: Balancing Traditional Roles and Modern Expectations in the U.K. and Spain

Abstract

Background: In contemporary Western societies, the role of fatherhood is undergoing significant transformation, moving away from the traditional breadwinner model towards a more nurturing and emotionally involved model (e.g. new fatherhood). This study explores how fathers in Spain and the U.K. navigate these new expectations and the implications for their masculine identities, particularly in the context of hegemonic, caring, and hybrid masculinities. Research Question: How do fathers in Spain and the United Kingdom navigate the roles of masculinity? Methods: The study employed a secondary qualitative analysis of interviews from the CAPABLE project, focusing on fathers in Spain and the U.K. A reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes related to masculinity and fatherhood. The sample included 22 fathers—12 from the U.K. and 10 from Spain. Results: The findings reveal a complex dynamic between the objective division of labor and fathers’ subjective perceptions of fairness. In both countries, fathers often perceive their contributions as fair, despite acknowledging that their partners frequently carry a heavier load. The study highlights the persistence of traditional gender norms, particularly in the U.K., where fathers maintain aspects of hegemonic masculinity while engaging in caregiving. In contrast, Spanish fathers demonstrate a trend towards more active participation in caregiving, though traditional roles remain significant. The study also identified the emergence of hybrid masculinities, where fathers integrate caregiving into their identities while retaining aspects of traditional masculinity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that while there is a shift towards new fatherhood, traditional gender roles continue to influence how masculinity is performed in both Spain and the U.K. The concept of hybrid masculinities provides a useful framework for understanding how fathers negotiate these competing demands. The study underscores the need for policy interventions and cultural shifts to support more equitable family structures and advance gender equality.