A One Health perspective on bacterial zoonotic risks due to environmental contamination at public outdoor events

Abstract

Background: Bacterial zoonotic diseases are important illnesses that can be transmitted through various routes. In addition to foodborne transmission, environmental factors play a substantial role in disease spread at public outdoor events. Currently, there is no comprehensive overview from the “One Health” perspective on the risks of bacterial zoonotic diseases due to environmental factors. This review aims to summarize the risks of bacterial zoonotic associated with environmental contamination and suggest practical prevention and control measures at outdoor gatherings. Methods: PubMed and Scopus were searched in July 2024. Studies about the bacterial zoonotic risk due to environmental contamination at public outdoor events were included. We extracted information on events, pathogens, outbreak sources, and risk factors. Results: 27 studies were included, 1 was related to music festivals, 12 were related to freshwater sports, 3 were related to other sports events, and 11 were related to other types of gatherings. E. coli, Campylobacter, and Leptospira are the most common pathogens. Swallowing and contact with contaminated water and soil caused the transmission from animals to humans. Weather conditions also a risk factor contribute to the outbreak of diseases. Conclusion: Different types, geographical context of the event, and weather conditions can influence the risk of disease transmission. Bacterial zoonotic diseases are often transmitted through animal feces and contaminate water and soil, exposing human populations. In various events, people can contract these diseases by swallowing contaminated water or coming into contact with polluted mud. Reducing muddy areas, monitoring water environments, and controlling livestock activities may decrease disease transmission.