Realizing the bubble: Young adults' awareness and control over algorithmic information filtering in social media

Abstract

The pervasive use of social media among Dutch adolescents has raised concerns since the implementation of algorithmic content filtering on platforms like Instagram and X in 2016. Building on De Groot et al. (2023), this study examines the awareness and control of algorithms among Dutch students in higher education aged 18 to 22. Using qualitative methods, including walk-throughs and semi-structured interviews with 20 adolescents, this research explores their algorithmic awareness, imagination, power and critical evaluation. Results reveal that, while these adolescents are aware of algorithms and options to exert power, they often do not actively modify their content. Despite recognizing the negative consequences of algorithms, such as polarization and excessive screentime, many of these adolescents continue to consume content filtered by it, due to the greatest positive outcome, which is entertainment. This study also explored whether adolescents feel they are in filter bubbles, using Dutch political elections as an example. Although they primarily search for political information outside social media platforms, they also rely on social media for political information and form their expectations of election results based on personalized content. This reliance of algorithmic-filtered content highlights a gap between awareness and actions, suggesting a need for future research into underlying motivations and behaviors regarding algorithmic engagement. The results highlights questions of the sufficiency of user autonomy in content regulation, suggesting that policy might be necessary. This study contributes to understanding adolescents’ interactions with algorithmic-driven platforms and can inform strategies to enhance critical media literacy. Key words: algorithms, adolescents, social media, filter bubble, algorithmic awareness, algorithmic imagination, algorithmic power, media literacy