Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation in Netherlands' Cattle and Pig Production Systems: A Critical Review of Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

Introduction: Climate change-induced extreme weather events pose risks to livelihoods and agriculture. Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and securing an adequate food supply to an increasing world population without depleting finite resources is crucial. This review investigates emission mitigation strategies in Dutch cattle and pig farming, employing a SWOT analysis to evaluate effectiveness, scalability, and compatibility, providing valuable insights for stakeholders to develop targeted strategies for reducing GHG emissions in the livestock sector. Methods: In the literature review, a desk study using secondary data was conducted through searches on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Wageningen University & Research in December 2023. The emphasis was on prioritizing meta-analyses, resulting in the identification of 96 articles, with 30 meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria for relevance, methodological rigor, and publication quality. Results: The study identified eight feed strategies and six manure strategies in sustainable agriculture. Feed strategies’ methane emission reduction ranged from 10%-30%. Manure management strategies ranged in methane reduction (-86% to -1.8%), whereas carbon dioxide (+24% to -34%) and nitrogen oxide (+59% to -21%) reductions varied. The strategies offer benefits like improved animal performance and energy generation. However, challenges such as safety concerns, environmental trade-offs, and community opposition need careful consideration. Opportunities lie in sustainable sourcing and technological advancements. Additionally, farmer attitudes revealed optimal implementation approaches. Conclusion and implication: This study identified potent greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in Dutch cattle and pig farming. The strategies show substantial potential in reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions. There is a need for tailored assessments and ethical considerations, calling for targeted research on farmers' perceptions. In conclusion, continuous adaptation and research are recommended to leverage the significant mitigation potential of these strategies for sustainable and effective GHG reduction in livestock farming.