From Modernisation to Petro-Diplomacy: Unravelling the Dutch-Iranian Relationship (1954-1971)

Abstract

[""This thesis examines the underresearched rapid development of Dutch-Iranian relations from 1954-1971, thereby mainly focusing on the impact of modernisation objectives and oil interests. Despite ancient historical ties, the Dutch-Iranian relationship had waned before 1954 but strengthened later due to successful economic developments. This thesis uncovers three key elements. Firstly, the Netherlands were highly dependent on the United States and driven by Atlanticist strategies. Due to American support and the fact that Iran posed a new sales market, the authoritarian rule of the Shah was accepted. Secondly, Dutch interest in Iran was primarily caused by the 1954 consortium agreement, after which Shell became partly responsible for Iranian oil exploitation. This was a blended form of colonialism and Atlanticism. Thirdly, the Netherlands employed cultural diplomacy and development aid to support Iranian modernisation and secure maintaining oil access. The expected primary motive of modernisation played a role in improving Dutch-Iranian relations. Still, the growth is more sufficiently explained by the consortium agreement of 1954 that gave the Netherlands access to invaluable resources. In conclusion, Dutch modernising efforts in Iran were merely an economically viable façade to mask its most significant intensions. The consortium agreement gave the Netherlands a unique access opportunity to oil. Therefore, this became the backbone of all Dutch activities in Iran between 1954 and 1971. ""]