The Pig-Salmonella Dynamic: Navigating Monophasic Variants, Control Challenges, and Genomic Interventions in the EU: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Salmonellosis, a global public health concern, remains a pressing issue in the European Union (EU). Despite the predominant link to poultry, pigs are a significant source of infection. This scoping review delves into the understanding and implications of the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (MST) in pigs within the EU between 2018 and 2023. It also explores the challenges associated with controlling Salmonella and discusses how genomic studies have been instrumental in refining current predictive models. A rigorous screening process led to the inclusion of 35 studies. Key findings elucidate the growing epidemiological significance of MST in the pig sector and its increasing association with multi-drug resistance. The review also identifies gaps in country-specific data from 15 EU Member States, emphasizing a need for a comprehensive, EU-wide approach. The challenges tied to Salmonella control in pigs arise from varying contamination levels, the continuous evolution of Salmonella strains, and a pressing need to enhance surveillance measures. Genomic studies have been pivotal in refining current predictive models, but a lack of real-time monitoring data is a hurdle. An integrated One Health approach, combining human, animal, and environmental health considerations, may offer a path forward. This research paper underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary efforts, routine audits, and engagement with the pork industry to devise targeted interventions. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of real-time data collection and continuous refinement of existing strategies to effectively combat the threat of salmonellosis in the EU.