Towards a city-level perspective on the stimulating and hindering factors for a successful circular economy transition: Two cases of Dutch frontrunner cities

Abstract

The circular economy (CE) concept is gaining momentum in both academic and policy circles. In particular, the vital role of cities in CE transitions has recently received attention. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the field of CE transition theory by analysing evidence regarding local factors that drive or hinder CE transitions at the city-level. Additionally, we take a geographical perspective on urban CE transitions by using key concepts of economic geography and evolutionary economic geography (EEG) theory. We compare two empirical cases of Dutch frontrunner cities, Rotterdam and Amsterdam, by means of an abductive reasoning approach. Both qualitative and quantitative data is linked to theory in systematic way with the aim to gradually develop the cases. As a result, we find that the local factors knowledge, economic factors, geography, engagement, regulation and urban management have influence on CE transitions in cities. Geography and engagement are considered to be main drivers, whereas regulation and urban management serve as main barriers by civil servants and circular firms. This thesis provides empirical evidence that a geographical perspective is meaningful in exploring CE barriers and drivers for cities, as findings show that urban CE transitions unfold differently across cities due to differences in spatial contexts. The findings imply that building on the regional knowledge base result in high absolute numbers of circular firms in cities. However, it is important for cities to stay focussed on a diversity of circular innovations to achieve a successful CE transition. Ultimately, this thesis contributes to the development of well-founded policy guidelines for local governments and emphasizes that changes in national regulations are crucial for both the success of local and the wider CE transition.