Representing Minorities: Stereotypes, Diversity and Visibility in Portrayals of Lesbian and Bisexual Women in American TV Shows

Abstract

Media representations of lesbian and bisexual women are often problematic and based on stereotypes. This thesis will discuss the importance and consequences of the representation of minority groups using theories by Stuart Hall and Kimberlé W. Crenshaw. Focusing on lesbian and bisexual women, the research question “How are lesbian and bisexual women represented in American television shows Orange is the New Black and Once Upon a Time and how can this representation be understood as an active factor in audiences’ perception of sexual minorities?” discusses these theories with regard to sexual minorities and provides a comparative analysis of two representative case studies. It is concluded that even though lesbian and bisexual characters are becoming increasingly visible on television, the majority of these characters is white and conventionally attractive, lacking diversity. In addition, there are many recurring stereotypes and tropes that can cause damage in the lives of lesbian and bisexual women by reinforcing misconceptions. TV shows that lack complex queer characters, such as Once Upon a Time, should strive towards incorporating them, as for example Orange is the New Black has done very successfully.