| dc.description.abstract | Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems offer a dual advantage for water infrastructure by
providing clean energy while reducing water loss through evaporation. In the context of
Indonesia’s national Renewable Energy (RE) target, FPV deployment is gaining attention as
a promising strategy to support sustainable energy goals. Given that most reservoirs in
Indonesia are multipurpose, serving functions such as irrigation, raw water supply, flood
control, and recreation, understanding the operational and environmental implications of
FPV integration is becoming increasingly critical.
This study uses the Karian Dam in Banten Province as a case study to evaluate the impact of
FPV at varying coverage levels. It examines how FPV affects evaporation reduction, reservoir
storage performance, and water supply outcomes. The assessment is based on biweekly
simulations under dry, normal, and wet hydrological conditions, complemented by an
uncertainty analysis that explores the interactions between inflow variability, evaporation
suppression, and reservoir characteristics.
Fully floated FPV systems reduced evaporation by up to 78%, while suspended systems
achieved reductions of approximately 58%. Even partial coverage (20%–70%) produced
significant water savings, especially beneficial during dry periods. These reductions directly
translated into increased end-of-year reservoir storage, with high-coverage scenarios
boosting dry-year storage by up to 12%. However, increased water retention in wet years can
elevate the risk of High Water Level (HWL) exceedance. In the 70% coverage scenario, HWL
exceedance frequency reached 13%, highlighting the need for better predictive tools,
adaptive operating rules, and pre-flood release strategies. FPV-induced shading can also
suppress algal blooms and may inhibit the growth of invasive floating vegetation such as
water hyacinth, which reduces maintenance burdens. | |
