Anchored by Support, Empowered by Control: A Longitudinal Study of the Mediating Role of Sense of Control in the Effect of Perceived Social Support on Loneliness

Abstract

Loneliness among young adults, particularly those in vocational education (MBO), is an increasing public health concern linked to negative mental health outcomes. Although social support is known to alleviate loneliness, the distinct roles of family and friend support and the psychological mechanisms involved remain understudied. Sense of control emerges as a promising mediator in this association. This study investigates to what extent perceived family and friend support is associated to loneliness among Dutch MBO students and whether sense of control mediates these associations. Using longitudinal data over a six-month period from the YOUth Got Talent study, the sample included 560 young adults aged 16–25 enrolled in Dutch vocational education. Of these participants, 57% were women and 43% men, with a mean age of 17.1 years (SD = 1.4). Linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the direct and indirect associations. Results showed that family support was significantly associated with reduced loneliness. Sense of control partially mediated this association, suggesting it is a key psychological mechanism through which perceived social support impacts loneliness. No significant association was found between friend support and loneliness. This study advances understanding of loneliness among young adults and highlights the need for targeted interventions that enhance both family support and sense of control, potentially reducing loneliness rates and promoting resilience among young adults in vocational education.