Alone Among Others

Abstract

International students from collectivistic cultures—where relationships are shaped by emotional closeness, interdependence, and strong group ties—often face challenges when studying in individualistic societies like the Netherlands. While previous research has explored loneliness among international students in general, little is known about the specific cultural influences on loneliness experienced by students from collectivistic backgrounds within this context.

This qualitative study aims to explore (1) which factors contribute to feelings of loneliness, (2) in which situations these feelings are triggered, and (3) which coping strategies are used. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with international students from collectivistic cultures currently studying in the Netherlands. The data were analyzed using grounded theory methods and informed by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory.

The findings reveal that loneliness is not solely caused by limited social interaction. Rather, deeper cultural and emotional factors play a significant role. Key contributing factors included emotional distance from Dutch peers, cultural differences in friendship norms, separation from family and friends back home, and insufficient institutional support. Students often felt especially lonely during cultural holidays, emotionally vulnerable moments, and when navigating practical challenges such as housing and administrative tasks without guidance.

To cope with these feelings of loneliness, participants used a variety of strategies. These included cultural reconnection (seeking contact with people from their own background), maintaining close communication with family and friends in their home countries, cognitive reframing of their situation, and proactive social engagement in their new environment. These coping mechanisms helped students to regulate their emotions, stay grounded in their cultural identity, and develop a sense of control over their circumstances.

This study highlights the importance of universities going beyond offering general social opportunities. While peer interaction is important, institutions must also create spaces for emotional and cultural belonging. The findings suggest that culturally sensitive support systems are vital in helping international students feel both included and understood. Recognizing and responding to the diverse ways students experience and cope with loneliness is essential in creating an inclusive and supportive academic environment.