GREEN PROMISES AND INDIGENOUS REALITIES: AMPLIFYING VOICES FOR A JUST ENERGY TRANSITION IN INDONESIA’S NEW CAPITAL CITY Translocal impacts of Nusantara in the Kayan Cascade Project

Abstract

The principle of “leaving no one behind” embedded in just energy transitions is a promise that remains unfulfilled. Renewable energy projects, central in this transition, are not inherently just or sustainable; they can perpetuate colonial practices of marginalization instead of effectively addressing the structural causes of injustice. Indigenous Peoples’ lives and ancestral territories are disproportionately affected by such developments, but continue to suffer exclusion from decision-making processes that neglect their internationally recognized rights to self-determination and territorial sovereignty. Responding to a call to bring further research on just energy transitions in the Global South, this study explores the aspirations and lived experiences of Punan Bayoh and Dayak Kenyah (Uma’ Kulit and Bakung sub-groups) regarding PLTA Kayan. A large-scale hydropower plant project in North Kalimantan to supply “green” energy to Indonesia’s new capital city, Nusantara, in East Kalimantan. Drawing on justice theories and post-decolonial and translocal development approaches, this thesis offers a critical lens on the ripple effects of Nusantara’s net-zero strategy and interrogates whether its commitment to a just transition is realized in Indigenous contexts. To answer that question, special attention has been given to Indigenous own experiences and hopes, which reported a lack of inclusivity and justice. It signals a mismatch between official narratives with ambitious goals and appropriate policies on the ground. This is widely influenced by political and business interests as well as a narrow focus on technology, ignoring other aspects required to achieve justice, such as compliance with FPIC requirements. To bridge the gap between promises and realities, the study concludes with recommendations and future research directions.