| dc.description.abstract | Recent years have witnessed increases in interest and research in integrated landscape initiatives (ILIs), focusing on contexts, motivations, design, participation and outcomes. In this context, the private sector is described as an important but absent actor. To explore the involvement of the private sector in integrated landscape initiatives, publicly available information was collected on 104 companies involved in 23 initiatives in the tropics. Two typologies were developed to provide conceptual clarity regarding private actors involved in ILIs and their activities. The results of this study suggest that for private actors providing financial support is the most frequently performed activity, followed by participating in governance structures (e.g. platforms and committees), and improving their business operations towards more sustainable ones regarding social, environmental and economic impact. This trend is visible for the following private actor types: commodity producing multinationals who are connected to the landscape through a production unit, commodity sourcing companies, service providers and other companies. However, this trend is not visible for commodity producing companies that are from the focal landscape. The latter company type most frequently improves their business operations, followed by participating in landscape projects external from business activities and, finally, providing financial support. | |
