| dc.description.abstract | The Dutch Energy agreement was implemented in 2013, with the goal to provide a basis for the future Dutch energy and climate policies. It sets targets for several sectors, including mobility and transport. The sector has the ambition to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with at least 60 percent, compared to 1990 (Sociaal-Economische Raad, 2013). One of the ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport is by transitioning to a passenger car market consisting of electric vehicles (EVs). The Energy agreement aims at replacing all passenger vehicles with an EV, which equals 9.5 million EVs in 2050. However, it remains unclear how the (public) charging infrastructure will develop to supply the charging demand from these vehicles.
Therefore, this thesis has been performed to provide a view on the requirements for public charging infrastructure to supply the electricity demand for 9.5 million EVs in the Netherlands in 2050 and identify the impacts of this charging infrastructure. A reference scenario was developed alongside 4 alternative scenarios, which differed in terms of charging technique and vehicle range. The scenarios were analysed in terms of number of charging stations, percentage of electricity demand, costs and electricity grid impact.
The results showed that the scenarios with DC fast charging technology requires the least number of charging stations, while installation costs were higher. The vehicle to grid scenario, with AC charging technology, could decrease peak electricity demand by 1,100 MW. Electricity demand for charging was 2 percent of total current electricity demand in 2030 and 11 percent in 2050.
The preferred pathway for the development of public charging infrastructure depends on the demands of policy makers. However, the vehicle to grid system, with AC charging, seems the most beneficial overall, since it is cheaper to install and has other benefits, e.g. improving grid stability. This study recommends focusing on improving the occupancy rate of charging stations and increasing the charging power prevent the need to install extra public charging stations up to 2030. In the period 2030 to 2050, new public charging stations are required due to the increase in number of EVs and thereby charging demand. However, this does not require additional policy interventions, since the business case for public charging infrastructure will be positive by then. | |
